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A torque converter in modern usage, is usually a fluid coupling that is used so as to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for example an internal combustion engine or an electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. Same as a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanized clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a significant difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most popular kind of torque converter utilized in automobile transmissions is the fluid coupling type. In the 1920s there was even the Constantinesco or also known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are other mechanical designs utilized for always changeable transmissions that could multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is one kind which has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which cannot multiply torque. A torque converter has an additional component that is the stator. This alters the drive's characteristics all through occasions of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating elements within a torque converter: the turbine, that drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the impeller and the turbine so that it could alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under whichever condition and this is where the word stator originates from. In fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still allowing forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been modifications which have been incorporated at times. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is needed, alterations to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Most commonly, these modifications have taken the form of various turbines and stators. Each and every set has been designed to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various examples include the Dynaflow that uses a five element converter in order to produce the wide range of torque multiplication considered necessary to propel a heavy vehicle.
Various car converters comprise a lock-up clutch to reduce heat and so as to improve the cruising power and transmission effectiveness, even though it is not strictly part of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
